Toast

 Parents birthday toast
distinguished leadership, the elders were, all their friends and family: Hello everybody!
in this happy occasion, we are pleased to welcome the beloved father (mother) XX-year-old birthday. Today, we gathered at my father (mother) XX birthday celebration. Here, on behalf of our brothers and sisters and our children, who are the size of a total of XX, for all to visit my house to our father (mother) longevity of all the leaders, elders friends and family who extend a warm welcome and heartfelt thanks!
our father (mother) a few years devoted themselves to frugal, pulling us one by one adult. The years of hard work, their faces to stay describe the ring down the years, the head of a spring to create the frosted inlay. Therefore, in this happy occasion today, we first want to say is, thank you both for the upbringing of grace!
We believe that the joint efforts of our brothers and sisters, our family business will be booming, thriving prosperity! our parents will be long and healthy life, a sense of security, the old and be happy!
Finally, once again thank the leadership, elders, relatives and friends friends to visit!
once again wish the father (mother) happy old age, good health and longevity no end! Cheers!
◆ mentor birthday toast
Leaders, old school:
occasion of respect XX birthday of the teachers, we gathered together to celebrate the mentor and healthy life, talked about the situation Parting from, one another career take off, the good times will always remain in our memory.
Now, I propose, first of all to Sincerely, teachers, three glasses of wine. The first glass of wine, happy birthday to congratulate teachers, and the second glass of wine, thank the teacher re-ex affection; third cup of wine, and wish the teacher hundred senior citizens!
one writer said: call, there are two of the most flash, the most emotional call: one mother, one is a teacher. teacher's life is a ball of fire, the teacher's life is a song, a poem the teacher's career. mentor - the life of the distinguished teachers, it is a mass of burning fire, the teacher of life, is a majestic song, the teacher's career, it is a beautiful poem.
teacher's journey in life , the ups and downs, vicissitudes XX set, his life, not only when the spray flame flash energetic, and in old age in the aspirations Liu Xia Yi Cai.
teacher's life, depending on the fame Danru water, to see the cause heavy as a mountain.
Recall - mentor spring sowing of benefiting the year, likes to watch - Yan Tao Li at the present competition in Kyushu.
Finally, I wish that teacher welfare, such as the East China Sea, many happy returns! Cheers!
◆ Leadership birthday toast
Dear friends, ladies and gentlemen: How are you!
Today is the birthday celebrations of Mr XXX, was invited to participate in this event and delivered a speech, I am deeply honored. in this, please allow me, on behalf and in my own name XXX to Mr. XXX extend best wishes!
XXX XX is Mr. core leadership of the company's important. He's selfless dedication to the production have been obvious to me, his share of sincerity and passion, it is many times have our hearts touched.
his dedication to the cause of the lamenting people the same age, and his successful career even more people the pride of the same age.
Here, we wish him the best of youth always there, always young! prefer to see after he entered the autumn, will continue to fight Aoshuang snow, streams, Hong Yi Cai!
vast sea, we just drop in the ocean, from strangers and friends meet and know each other by the Who says this is not a fate? road is long, years long, not what the world is more precious than this. I sincerely hope that we can always hold the precious.
this, propose a toast, let us To Mr. XXX XXX Birthday Cheers!
◆
toast the birthday love and friends: Good evening!
thank you to my wife's birthday party tonight! let me say a few words we propose spring is also no real things to say. You look brilliant from what I can see my heart full of happiness. then please allow me my dear wife said a few words.
wife, you do not understand the romantic, in fact, see that you filled with joy; you say as long as I have the heart, you are very happy.
we are so vibrant, with love and trust in marriage, I want to thank you, I have given everything - the only world I love and warm attachment to a small home! lot of people say, and then a warm fire of love, after a few years will gradually fade away, but we like a fool perseverance to stick to off each other's love, we hook the little finger had the promise of the agreement, now in one by one to achieve and experience.
my life destined to be your only one, you are my favorite, because we are intimate love , walk together hand in hand so that uniform way of life, grew old together! love you forever regret this life!
Finally, I wish you love sweet, the cause of smug, Cheers!
◆ friend's birthday toast
guests , Dear friends: Good evening!
candlelight reflecting on our faces, we feel an upsurge of singing waves. Follow the golden sun, accompanied by beautiful melodies, we welcome the birthday of Mr. XX, where I Dear friends I wish on behalf of Mr. XX happy birthday and happy forever!
in this world, people could not do without their parents, the same can not without friends. Life without a friend is like a cup of coffee without sugar, bitter difficult to swallow, but also a little touch of melancholy. because of loneliness, as intolerable, life will become no fun, with no real style.
friend is standing at the window when you enjoy the winter snow wandering hands holding of a hot tea A friend is we go in the summer when the downpour was holding the hands of an umbrella; friend is blowing spring comes, the winter blues in our hearts that touch of spring, a friend is the harvest season, we revel in the autumn whispers That cup of wine ... ...
Come on, friends! Let us put that intoxicating fragrance of wine, as Mr. XX bless! I wish you the cause of legitimate afternoon, the body as strong as the tiger, money numerous, do not work hard, laid-back like a mouse , romantic like music, you are happy mo, cheers!
◆ Full Moon Feast toast
Ladies and gentlemen, friends: Hello everybody!
At this moment, my heart is very excited and exciting, To express my feelings at this time, I would like you bow three times the line.
a bow, is appreciated. Thank you to our restaurant in person to share the XX joy and happiness.
Two bow, or thanks. Because everyone's attention, my wife and I have a baby, upgraded to do the parents, this is our home a landmark event. Although only a month's time, parents can be our care, to help it make us feel even more back to the sweet life, back to work more smoothly. also sincerely hope that we continue to support even have to help us, concern us.
bow three times, is to send our most sincere best wishes to all . I wish you happy forever, happy, healthy.
Today, we prepared a simple XX tapas restaurant, I hope you eat well, drink well. if ill say hello, please excuse me!
◆ full moon dinner guests toast
各位 guests and friends:
Festival Fang Guo, Xi Shi and Pro. Today is our daughter of Mr. XXX joyous occasion, I hereby on behalf of Laibin friends, to express our sincere wishes, Mr. XXX .
time in the past, when our perception of life brought to us all, we become increasingly clear the most important things in life than life. XXX at work, Mr., a survey like, progressive and excellent , believe that he created a new life. dedicated to this beautiful life, it must be very beautiful song.
Let us wish this new life, I wish the daughter of Mr XXX, the next generation also wish all our friends , in this peaceful community grow and become pillars of the country! also Wishing you all good health, happiness again and again, the whole family happy, everything is complete.
◆ birthday dinner toast
Leaders, distinguished friends and relatives:
first visit you today that my son's birthday party the warmest welcome and most sincere thanks!
At this moment, the here and three of us standing here, and I feel very excited.
parents, we know the hard work. XX just turned one year old today, in the past 365 days, my husband and I tasted the new mother, a father's sense of happiness and pride, but also really appreciate the healthy development of child-rearing non-Bi Xinlao. here today with my parents, as well as in-laws, three years for our upbringing, we are not to return. Today, four of them to take this opportunity to say with deep emotion the elderly: Thank you! and sincerely to wish them health and longevity!
in the past days, all of you friends have given us many selfless help, I feel very warm. in this, please allow me on behalf of our family of three to all of you expressed extreme gratitude to friends and family second! present and future time, we still expect you to teach family and friends for constructive criticism.
today to my son's first birthday you loved ones gather the meaning from the nearby one, though not abundant food, but our true feelings, vertical light wine, but one of our enthusiastic. if ill place, but also hope you Haihan.
Let us toast, I wish you success in your work All the best! Thank you.
◆ year-old birthday party toast
leaders, distinguished guests, dear friends: Good evening!
Today is the birthday of my daughter's big day XXX, very pleased to have so many friends and family to come join in, so far, on behalf of our family kind of you to visit our most heartfelt thanks!
-year-old is a very good age, is the first journey of life milestone, and I wish my daughter a happy birthday, academic progress, health, happiness and grow, I hope she can grow into an educated, capable, like all people, would like my father, my mother's roads lead to wrinkles, strands of white hair turned into a blossoming Love you, beautiful in the future.
the same time, XXX is also the growth of older workers in the care and love them, hope that we can continue to give her encouragement and support, which would give her life bring more energy and vitality. Finally, the preparation of a joint one, as a gratitude to Members, friends and family:
the joint is: eat, ate delicious world do not waste
second line is: drink , do not drink wine to make the world a drunk
scroll reads: Chihaohehao
◆ eighteenth birthday toast
Dear parents, school leaders, teachers, dear all the students: Hello everybody! Today is the third year all the students
eighth birthday, first of all, I wish for you on behalf of all teachers, my sincere congratulations to you!
today, you will be with parents who are eager to face the solemn sonorous oath under the flag of promise and glory to become citizens of the Republic of adults, adults taken the first step foot on a new journey in life.
eighteen years old, this is wonderful, how is the envy of age! This is what a beautiful and sacred word. It means that henceforth, you will assume greater responsibility and mission, think deeper truth, seek more knowledge.
eighteen years old, this is your life, a new milestone , is a major turning point in life, but also the journey of life a new beginning.
students: in the years ahead, we hope to see you when the full-fledged, indomitable courage! We hope you can always honest old real life, work diligently, step by step, with courage, knowledge, beliefs, the pursuit to fight the sky and create their own new life! we bless you in the future life on the road, all the way and hard work, all the way to exciting!
In order to prime the eighteen-year-old, cheers!
◆ Three-year-old birthday toast
Dear Friends:
extremely grateful to everyone for coming to celebrate my third birthday.
As the saying goes: three-year-old is a beautiful line. Three-year-old former beauty is the youth, is the face, is beautiful and will eventually grow old; and after the three-year-old beauty, is the meaning of charm, is eternal beautiful.
Today, with the two-year-old innocent compared to pure and lovely smile has gone, and the twenty-year-old healthy and active than the aggressive warlike Victory has gone. However, successive gains and losses after the return was my firm confidence, panic, and a heart of tolerance.
three-year-old, this is a stage of life, whether this stage what had happened, I still feel thankful that satisfy the demands of work were extraordinary, God gave me a love of her husband and a healthy intelligent child. health, care of my parents gave me a heart at ease, and ingratiate themselves with the knowledge I can really make my heart has been added to a warm. I hope that life on the road in the future, he can walk more firmly.
to the mature, well-being to you. Cheers!
four-year-old birthday party toast
Honourable friends, ladies and gentlemen:
Today is the birthday of my beloved mother, first of all, on behalf of my mother and family to attend the birthday party of our friends a warm welcome and deep appreciation. s I would like to suggest a glass of wine, we shared a toast, a toast to our family, let us wish our relatives and friends more and more concentrated, enduring, endless, from generation to generation, forever! < br> Although I have to work, can be everything for my mother to worry about, for my sake all the time. the mother of the children is the most selfless, maternal love is a noble love, this love is giving, not asking for any maternal like high mountains, deep like the sea, pure like white clouds, selfless like field, I deeply appreciate my mother's body to such a selfless love. So, that second glass of wine here I respect most of you respect and admiration mother. As the saying goes, children thousands of miles to worry about the parent bank, the mother child step concern, never enough to express words of the great maternal love, hope you can understand the love of our hearts.
this last glass of wine to get down to business, back to today theme, once again sincerely wish her mother a happy birthday, may you always be in the years to come happiness, health, always happy!
◆ five-year-old birthday party toast
you friends and family, distinguished guests: Good evening!
five-year-old today is the birthday of my father, thank you very much for coming!
lush trees due to land, raising his son to grow thanks to the hard work parents. In the warm bosom broad the father, really made me feel love for their dedication. In this, let me only natural to say thank you!
father's love is veiled, every harsh rebuke, to pay every time a silent, all interpretation of a father son, the kind of special care. It is a noble love, just give and not asking for.
five-year-old is the Autumn of your life is a maple leaf color in general. For me, the greatest happiness Mo too have to understand their parents. I got this happiness, and never lost.
Today we gathered to celebrate your birthday five years old, this is the Long March on behalf of your way of life has completed the first step May your future career in the trees bear more fruit, more and more willing to work with the mother's emotional warmth!
I wish you all the best, fun.
Finally, please Huanyin wine with us share this memorable evening.
◆ Six-year-old birthday party toast
Dear friends, guests: How are you!
occasion of the sixtieth year his father, birthday celebration of the day, on behalf of my parents , we have two siblings and my family coming forward to birthday guests a warm welcome and the most deep and sincere thanks!
the presence of each of our own reverend father, I, however, today I can proudly tell you that we siblings have a amiable, respectful, lovely, the world's most great father!
Dad, you take pains to support us old people grow up, how many times, we have all kinds of troubles and suffering that veterans are sprinkling your generous and loving heart. father's bitter, tired father, father love, father love, our lifetime is difficult to repay. Father, let me on behalf of our sister and brother, bow out to you!
Here, I wish your father the elderly, such as the East China Sea water blessing, many happy returns loose. May we always have a happy, happy family.
Finally, I wish you all the best guests, so that We spent together a memorable tonight, thank you! Cheers!
◆ seventieth birthday dinner toast
Dear grandfather, grandmother, you elders, ladies and gentlemen: Hello everybody!
Today is my beloved seventy good day my grandfather's birthday. In this, allow me on behalf of my family, out of public and grandmother send the most sincere and warm wishes! here for you all to express my sincere thanks and infinite respect!
grandparents course of several decades of life, through thick and thin, to each other, sweet and sour products full of life, in their life together and forged a rich fruits, and accumulated wisdom of many precious lives, and that is the spirit of their thrift and simple character, be honest in the attitude of life, owe respect, love and sincere feelings stay together forever phase!
grandparents are common, but in the hearts of younger people is always sacred, great! our happiness from the grandfather, grandmother support and encouragement, our happiness comes from my grandfather, grandmother of care and love, our unity and harmony from the grandfather, grandmother's earnest exhortation and inculcate! In this, as the representative of the public out , and grandmother, said: We must keep in mind your teaching, you inherit the spirit of unity and harmony, aggressive, in their studies, careers have made a good harvest! honor you have to spend their remaining years at the same time, a hundred years to the old.
us common toast, wish two old blessing, such as the East China Sea, many happy returns, good health and happy forever!
◆ seventies birthday birthday toast
you friends and relatives, guests:
Today, relatives and friends busy made a special trip to come, gathered together for my birthday, I am, and on behalf of children in the family of each of you a warm welcome and heartfelt thanks!
children, relatives and friends to organize this for my birthday, I felt very happy that I relatives and friends feel the care and warmth, but also understand the deep feelings of the child caring for the elderly, so I can enjoy the happiness of family life!
year, me and my father in the countryside, had spent the days of a hardship. Fast forward a few decades passed. I have gone through most of students is not smooth the road of life, after suffering self-improvement, the encouragement of relatives and friends help with the country's stability, social progress, and finally out of the woods, enjoying their later years until the home in glory. < br> I think, understand optimistic, unyielding, gratitude, a man to attain happiness. Life is full of joy and happiness, it requires us to constantly pursue.
Finally, I wish you all the best friends, best for the future Cheers !
◆ eighty-birthday dinner toast
Distinguished guests and friends:
Spring Diego is easy, time cycle, we are gathered here, as the mother of Mr. XXX - we respect I wish my mother were X eightieth birthday.
Here, I, on behalf of all the old school, all the friends and family to send her mother to the X most sincere and warm wishes for my mother Fu X, such as the East China Sea, many happy returns, health Ruyi, Fuller rain, smiling and longevity!
eight years of ups and downs, X mother read the best of human vicissitudes, her life savings of the greatest wealth is her hard-working, kind-hearted character of life, her generous treats of the attitude of life, love of her strict family tradition has added simple. All this, along with the years she has experienced ups and downs, but she ushered in later life with happiness.
most pleased to X Mom is that this valuable asset has been her son inherited, Mr. XXX. Over the years, he shook the sea, to extraordinary courage and integrity of the quality was a great success.
Let us toast, blessing the elderly evergreen tree of life, the life Flows, happy birthday!
wish all the guests present here good health and smooth work and good luck!
Thank you!
◆
ninety birthday toast Distinguished guests, ladies and friends: Hello everybody!
the occasion of celebrating the occasion of his family, friends and family to come to you happy birthday, birthday of the father's ninety double glory. you visit our warmest welcome and most sincere thanks!
rare life since ancient times seventy, ninety longevity is the blessing, kind heart wide, contented along natural!
our father deal a soft surface, with people. He poor economy sleepy, friendly neighbors; his care for the young, heavy family, your friends, so that the Lao Qin Liu friends to help maintain the contacts, from generation to generation!
Today, we celebrate the birthday of the father of ninety, he is sons in the side near relatives, and some come, some written, some by telephone, or offer money, or money, or gifts, are from the heart to wish him a different way the elderly: welfare, such as length of the East China Sea water, many happy returns are not old song!
Today, in celebration of our father when ninety longevity, on behalf of his elderly son, daughter, daughter, son and grandchildren, descendants, and sincerely wish all friends and relatives: All things good luck and happiness as sweet as honey!
to celebrate the birthday of our father ninety, to deepen each other's relatives and friends, let us drink a toast to long life together wine, joy into the Changle meal!
◆ hundred birthday party toast
you teachers, ladies and gentlemen:
Today, we gather together to celebrate the centenary birthday of Mr. XX. Here, I, on behalf of the school and on my own behalf, Mr. XX warm congratulations, sincere Mr. XX wish good health!, but also to the teachers of you today to express my sincere gratitude. thank you for the XX series of developments over the years, especially the building of XX subjects positive contribution!
XX XX subject, Mr. one of the pioneers and academic leaders, but also a field of XX important founder. XX respected Mr., knowledgeable, up to six years of teaching and research career, he has fame and fortune, brave, tirelessly, not only for the XX line XX in contemporary China but also for building and personnel training academic subjects made outstanding contributions.
XX Mr. wrote books only, is sufficient for the academic contribution to the benefit of many outstanding academic after school On them, but teaching, words and deeds, cultivating many good people.
decades, XX, Mr. and actions in their own knowledge, to influence and infected colleagues and students around him to set a younger scholars a model of moral and academic.
his hundred in the XX held on the occasion such a birthday celebration, relive his academic experience, is very meaningful and will inspire you to follow the example of Mr. XX, to further promote the school's Moral development and discipline construction.
Finally, once again, Mr. XX wish good health! wish a more vigorous development of XX series! please Cheers! Thank you!
◆
toast the inauguration of new president Distinguished Leadership , teachers:
Good evening!
for me, today is a special grand day. First of all, I sincerely thank the County Board of Education, the town party committee and government and education to do on my trust and culture Thank you for the love of my teachers, and support, especially former President, his hard work for the school's future development and support, especially former President, his hard work for the future development of the school has laid a solid foundation. In this, I told all the leaders, teachers, and our heartfelt thanks to former president!
XX as a school principal, I know the quality of their political, cultural background, subject knowledge, decision-making ability, spirit of service still need to further improve To carry out this duty must be paid to ... ...
difficult moment, I would like to use a sage of poetry to describe my feelings and desires, that is, for post-paid! I went to City Hospital we serve and chair work. This is a great honor for me. Meanwhile, I also know that the shoulders the great weight and responsibility.
as the leading medical institutions in the city over the years, in the municipal government under the correct leadership, leadership in the previous laid a solid foundation, we are both the overall appearance of the image of the hospital or within the building, whether the level of infrastructure improvement or improving health care, medical ethics, or whether it is subject construction set , has made great progress in all aspects. to the city in terms of its medical and service levels. There is no doubt; its status and role, can not be replaced; its facilities and technology, unmatched.
the future, let us encourage one another , the work of the hospital into a new level.
Finally, we live happily and work, cheers!
 Association president inauguration toast
Dear leaders, members of the council, the members :
Good evening!
thank you very much confidence in me and support the selection of foreign talent, I was XX County, president of the First Council of Association. For this honor, I prepared a privilege, but also deeply the responsibility himself. earnest eyes from you, I see is everyone's expectations and trust. I will during his tenure with all members of the Council, in accordance with the Association's Articles of Association, dedicated to work , to surrender to all members of a satisfactory answer.
as a outsider, I went to XX has 18 years, during which I witnessed the economic and social XX tremendous changes have taken place, where I prepared all the achievements proud, let me more and more on the development of XX confidence. At the same time, where all the foreign talent has found a fully display their talents on the stage, can be said that the establishment of our Association is to show the individual talent and the opportunity to ... ...
capacity as president, I will set an example for the Association's best efforts to the development. speak louder than words, let me use the real action to prove it to you.
Finally, I wish we The Association of prosperity and wish you good health and good luck. Cheers!
 studies farewell toast
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:
is cool in the autumn, Jincheng Gone with the Wind Hong day, we gathered together to congratulate XX, XX XX Jinbangtiming couple's son, high school XX University. Thanks to the profound friendship of the guests, I on behalf of Mr. XX, XX Ms. XX students and the arrival of each, that the most cordial welcome and most sincere thanks!
four so-called happy event in life:
friends, bided bitter, in the college entrance exam will be over five hurdles in the XX what the students feel at this moment? brilliance horseshoe illness, Chang spent every day to see. I propose, the first glass of wine, for Yingcai farewell! students will stay away from their loved ones, away from home life, and please accept our common blessing: wide sea diving, the days of His Career!
second cup of wine, and wish the family XX smooth, two dragons take-off, an auspicious beginning, the four seasons peace, Five Blessings, six, cis, seven so high, all directions are lucky, ninety-nine Care!
third cup of wine, I wish all guests Seasons Corning, everything all along!
Friends, Cheers!
 farewell toast to go abroad to learn
Dear friends:
Good evening!
gratifying but today is a memorable day because, after the company decision. XX comrades will learn to leave the country. This not only allows us to XX or cheap to have this opportunity and are pleased, but also allows us to work together for many years and am about to leave my colleagues devotion.
XX comrades As an employee of the company over the years, He was honest, upright style of thinking, loyalty, love and dedication, to comply with company rules and regulations, subject to distribution, respect for leadership, harmony and harmonious relationships with colleagues. As the saying goes no one indispensable, these words are usually correct, but for us, no one can replace the XX location. While we will miss him very much, but we wish him the best in the coming days to get his deserved happiness.
here on behalf of the company's leadership and all the staff on the efforts made by XX or cheap to express my sincere thanks. The company also hopes to learn all the comrades of this dedicated Deloitte XX spirit, strive to do their work.
Comrade Zhu XX trip goes well, soon come back, cheers!
 farewell banquet toast
old principal Comrades:
Today, we remember with feelings of parting farewell here to XX XX Secondary School Principals office principals, secretaries!
XX XX secondary Comrade decade of work, work conscientiously, diligently, in charge of education, outstanding achievements in teaching, performance excellence, the school made great contributions to the development, so we represent More than three thousand students and teachers with warm applause to express my sincere thanks to President XX! the same time, I also sincerely hope XX XX principals to continue to support the development of secondary concern, and hope XX XX Secondary School and the brothers became more friendly schools hope to see you taking the time to go home, because there are shadows of your youth, here is your blood and sweat pouring off a second home.
Here, I propose to the whole family healthy and happy XX principals, To everlasting friendship between us, Cheers!
 graduation dinner toast
Dear leaders, dear friends:
Hello everybody!
today's banquet hall for your visit and every Piper brilliance, here, on behalf of my family from the heart to say: Thank you for many years for my daughter's care and help, we welcome the visit, thank you!
This is a clear and crisp, sunny season, this is a news of success, the good news of the moment of harvest. It is through the reserve in winter, spring planting, summer work, autumn harvest, before we return to our family today, the same hi. thank teachers ! to thank friends and family! to thank all the brothers and sisters! willing to Auld Lang Syne!
daughter, and her mother ask you to remember: youth like a silver bell, the Department of the heart, only non-stop running, it will be issued musical sound. based on this virgin land of youth, in the halls of the University, based on scientific knowledge seeds, hard to do with the plowshare, Shi will condense on the fertilizer, to another one today, the season is more than admirable golden and aromatic.
today's feast, was a little insignificant manifestation of gratitude. Now I invite you to toast together, for today's celebrations, ideal for my daughter was admitted to the university, for our friendship, but also for our and our family's health and happiness Cheers!
 outstanding staff award toast
Dear leaders:
very grateful to all the leaders here can give me this award, I feel very honored. very heart joy, but more moving. Really, this recognition and acceptance, I was very moved, I feel like I came into this big family. their pay and performance has been recognized by the greatest return. I Council harder!
this, lead me to thank the leadership in the right direction, thanks to my colleagues Professor of patience and pointing.
Although the staff was rated as good, I know, I do not place too much , in particular, just contact with XX in the industry, there are many things I still need to learn. I will work hard to continue the practical advantages of their own at the same time, pick up the pace, with an open mind to the work of older employees to learn a variety of techniques, each well a job. this award will spur me progress, make me better.
success or failure lies in the people business. In this competitive era, you do not struggle, hard work, will be big waves wrecking, I am sure : No pain, no gain, as long as you pay, and will be return. From the bits and pieces of work, I will carefully accumulated experience, skills continue to improve for the future work laid a solid foundation. < br> Let us work together to make joint efforts for the XX's future, making it the largest and strongest of the XX. We work hard together!
Finally, I wish you all the work to tame onward and upward! I respect you!
 reunion toast
Dear Students:
relaxation time flies, time flies. graduated 18 years in this together, round each of the students of our dreams. thanks for initiating this meeting the students!
back in the past, classmate IV contains, like brothers, the scenes are as clear as yesterday.
today, let us open the treasure the memory of 18 years, opened the door seal for 18 years, play with you, some things to tell 18 years away from the situation, then talk about friendship, may also wish to confess that once the hearts of restless teenagers in the bloom of love dim, let's mood to sing, dance and let the time back 18 years, let's go back to high school, Let each of us are young age of 18.
snow flying outside the window, the room was cozy warm. May we always remain as a feeling of the students in the hall atmosphere, like today, hot, in good faith; hope our students will never like the feeling Today, like the snow outside the window, white, crystal.
Now, let us work together Jubei:
Weile high school friendship, to 18 years of longing, for today's meet, Cheers!
 Students party toast
Dear teachers and fellow students:
10 years ago, we, with the same dreams and vision, With the same passion and enthusiasm, gathered from across the country met at the XX. In those four years , we live in a warm big family, had a life most pure, the most romantic time.
for our healthy growth of any of our class and the subjects the teacher a lot of trouble for us today. We have deliberately put them back from your busy schedule to participate in this meeting, on their arrival a warm welcome and our sincere thanks.
Time flies, Riyuerusuo, from graduation day, an instant ten Spring passed. Seventeen-year-old youth then, and now entered the father, a mother of middle age.
students in their respective positions on the dedication, hard work, have taken all the community the backbone of the field. But whatever ups and downs of life with the rich and poor, between the students is always honest sincere friendship, and the table wine as we like the more concentrated the longer the more fragrant.
Come on, students! 
scene, then Guinness, definitely good enough 

Goat for the sin

 The late 20th century, the media has been overloading grassland crusade, overload problem, but a few years, raised livestock province's strategy is to: ! In fact, livestock is not only not reduced, but increased by 31%.
80 years since the 20th century, Japan's cashmere industry began to shift Inner Mongolia, China, 20 years or so, China cashmere walk in the forefront of the world economic benefits are significant, but the consequences are very serious.
cashmere goats in China are mainly distributed in north latitude 35. north of the vast area, belongs to the arid and semi-arid temperate zone, the ecological environment is very fragile. the number of goats longitudinal support the surge and the nomadic way of feeding, causing great damage to the grassland, increase vegetation degradation and desertification, which in turn led to animals can carry the grassland area decreased, restricting the development of animal husbandry, pastoralists revenue impact on the ecological environment pose a serious threat to security.
western Ordos have a flag, in more than one million hectares of pasture, sheep 1.25 million, of which there are 900,000 goats, 150,000 kg annual production of cashmere, is the flag of the whole autonomous region County record in the big profits. but is this flag, ten years ago was a place rich plants, but now frequent sand and dust storms, desertification at an alarming rate. as well as developed countries on the network frequently has been suggested to China's cashmere industry is not a conspiracy transfer.
often discussed causes of desertification caused by West, to mention a lot more is blind reclamation and over-grazing, and goats are often played down the dangers or simply did not mention, which is the key factor is interest. a goat can be stocked four or five years, the interests of each of the gain Cashmere is much higher than the raising of sheep.
too much to change the number of goats on the pastures of the damage, it was suggested that the goats ban altogether, but it seems not realistic. some environmental experts on the strict control the number of goats in front of the appeal appears to be negligible in the interests of the driver. However, a good way to kill two birds already implemented in Shandong, and Inner Mongolia's problems call for many years in captivity, why not implement it?
now on the country's first animal province, not those who have prairie provinces, but the Shandong Province. Shandong, the number of livestock more than 80 million, the annual output value exceeded 600 billion yuan; and Inner Mongolia's livestock population less than 80 million, the annual output value of only 100 billion yuan. the number of cattle in Shandong 9,000,000, 4,000,000 Inner Mongolia; Shandong annual cattle slaughter numbers 9,000,000, while less than one million in Inner Mongolia. but did not hear the birthplace of China and Mongolia become a Sandstorm.
fundamental difference is that : Inner Mongolia is a stocking, Shandong is captive.
goat is painful! each year was close to the skin with iron combs to the surface of the root hair pulling wool worn in the human body, there are charges of destruction of goats under grassland .
In fact, the goat innocent? They are merely for the crime of human greed for it!

The relationship between food and disease startling discovery interview (on)

 Guests:
Chen Jun-shi: Nutrition and food safety experts, the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
T. Colin. Campbell, PhD: Cornell University tenured professor, known as
Moderator: users Hello everyone, Welcome to the Sohu chat room guests.
host (off Chunfang): branch of science by the Chinese Medical Association organized and co-channel Sohu delicious healthy relationship between the startling discovery and disease expert interviews now. First, let me introduce on-site guest:
world-renowned nutritionist, tenured professor at Cornell University, known as Einstein, the medical profession and found dioxin Campbell Professor;
CPPCC National Committee, Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention researcher Chen Jun Shi Yuanshi;
assistant to the president of China Union Medical College, Assistant Dean of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College of Continuing Education Dean Professor Huang Jianshi; < br> Chinese Medical Association Deputy Secretary-General Miss Han Xiaoming;
Development Center of China Association of Journalists News Director Mr. Wang Dalong;
science director of the Chinese Medical Association Miss Qian Yue;
popular branch of the work of the Chinese Medical Association secretary, Health News Editorial Director of Medical Technology Miss Wang Lingling;
sit there in the following publication for Professor Campbell, Club general manager of Beijing Tu Road, Kwun.
interviews today and I Sohu Health Channel by the editor of Miss He Bo chair.
He Bo: Members media friends, ladies and friends Hello everybody! we had more of an interview with the Inter- disease relationship, and today is very special, invited American professors, a professor of Chinese and so many reporters here, very pleased with the teachers to preside over this off Chunfang interview, the interview was off Chunfang teachers contributed to the strong support of Thank science branch of the Chinese Medical Association support.
host (off Chunfang): In addition to Beijing today, a lot of media studio, there are two hundred mainstream media, including China, the mainstream media, including all of the capital cities of the media friends like us to participate in the interview online.
guest lecture on the two to do some brief, Professor Chen Junshi food and nutrition security expert, he is subject of food toxicology one of the founders of China took the lead in the international arena to contribute to the drafting of food safety regulations, to make a significant contribution to our accession to the WTO. John Campbell grew up on dairy farms in the United States, is the son of farmers, small milk cheese to eat fried foods, from He engaged in decades of protein research, the study found the Philippines a study of children suffering from liver cancer, rich kids to eat more protein, eat animal protein more children have liver cancer, which he began A painstaking study. We started interviews.
first ask Professor Chen Junshi, the two countries is completely different from the table, two countries thousands of miles apart, the two professors you how to come together and how to adhere to the 27 years to complete this project? this project the Ministry of Health Science and Technology Progress Award, was the foreign media called the pinnacle of epidemiology. Where the meaning of its children? it conveyed a sound? tell What are we?
Chen Jun-shi: netizens Hello everybody, I am glad to have the opportunity to share with my friend for 27 years with Professor Campbell passed as a guest with you about diet and nutrition-related chronic disease prevention and control of information .1980 I was a professor at Cornell University, Professor Campbell laboratories engaged in the diet and cancer research, our common vision of a large scale in China to explore the epidemiological study of people eating in the end what happened with us diseases, especially cancer and other forms of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in the end have nothing to do. So in 1981 we have 24 provinces in China, the 69 counties of the first large-scale surveys, our survey included 69 counties the situation on the people of dietary questionnaires and blood and urine sample analysis, there are a large variety of research tools to study a variety of indicators, completed the first step of our work. Then, in 1989, made Repeat the second survey, the same 24 provinces, 69 counties in the same extended to sociology, economics, some of the indicators.
an unprecedented scale through this investigation, we concluded that there is only one, that is, diet with China and the United States with the disease status and disease status of dietary comparison, we agreed to the Chinese people the unique plant-based diet food, that food, vegetables, fruits, beans based meals The typical American diet than the traditional, to animal food-based meal, chicken, duck, fish, meat, eggs, milk-based diet is more beneficial to people's health, more favorable to the prevention and control of chronic diseases, including cancer , diabetes, hypertension, stroke and so on. Of course, some areas lack of nutrition is another thing, not the focus of our research. focus of our research is to find such a comparison and found that China's current diet than in the U.S. There are many health advantages.
host (where wave): superiority, in what aspects?
host (off Chunfang): Professor and Professor Chen Junshi Campbell's writings were posted on the world, many media newspapers, and call it the pinnacle of epidemiology, said the report has a surprising discovery that in the end what amazing discovery? Please explain to us, Professor Campbell.
Campbell: The Chinese diet is due to better Because Chinese food so that all the nutritional characteristics of food are nutrients, the nutritional characteristics of the Chinese diet is that it is plant-based foods, so the better. vegetable-based food and animal-based food and nutrition is not the same It has a variety of foods of cellulose, and it has many antioxidants and other chemical elements, as well as different types of proteins and other kinds of different fats and so on. When we consider the various plant food the characteristics of different nutrients, and animal-based foods that nutrition is not the same. When we compare the characteristics of a variety of food and nutrition and the relationship between disease, we found the nutritional plant food than animal food better nutrition.
host (He waves): It is not to say that eating plant-based foods is healthier?
Chen Jun-shi: Yes. I can answer further extension of Professor Campbell about, He has clearly described the diet in China and the different characteristics of the United States, if we combined the people of China and the United States, occurrence of the disease point of view, can show the advantages of the Chinese diet, which means that China at least 80 years in the last century we have the highest The prevalence of heart disease is low, a relationship with coronary heart disease and cholesterol, cholesterol in rural China is far less than the U.S. average. Why? is based on the Chinese people eat mainly plant food. China's diabetes Chinese women's breast cancer, colon cancer, and so that men are important in China the incidence of cancer is much less than the United States.
Our conclusion is very simple, is to compare a local and a local comparison is not convincing, we used 69 Chinese counties to compare specific information, then it is very convincing. So why the past people did not find, not the past did not know, and we provide the first such fuller evidence to show such a difference is caused by our two countries, the incidence of chronic diseases is important because different, perhaps because it is not all.
host (where wave): plant-based foods are not equal to a vegetarian?
Chen Jun-shi: plant-based foods are not equal to a vegetarian? Professor Campbell relatively unique perspective.
Campbell: vegetarians eat there often is in addition to vegetables, fruits, corn these plant foods, also includes eggs, dairy products, these things. plant foods including vegetables, cereals, maize, fruits, etc., does not include eggs and dairy products, so I do not like to use the word vegetarian, and willing to use plant food.
Chen Jun-shi: I can further explain why he does not like to use vegetarian. vegetarian this meaning in different countries, different people which is not the same meaning, you often come across many people vegetarian, such as India, Many Indians are vegetarian, but he is drinking milk, so according to our classification of science can be divided into pure vegetarians that vegetarians do not eat any animal, do not drink milk, do not eat fish, there is a feeding species is called the vegetarian eggs, even some fish can call themselves a vegetarian. So from a scientific argument, not definition of the concept of vegetarian, so he likes to plant food-based, it will be clear to the main plant food can have different degrees to one hundred percent plant-based foods.
host (off Chunfang): This morning, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Campbell made a very wonderful speech, about four were found, Chen Jun Shi Yuanshi translation was also very exciting, and today there are a lot of media in the hope that Professor Campbell is more popular to speak some of his findings.
Chen Jun-shi: On a vegetarian, I am willing to go further to elaborate, Professor Campbell, the views expressed by this morning. He said we already have ample evidence that plant food based diet for the prevention of chronic disease is beneficial. is not a must, in the end how much to eat by plant food is good, it depends on your choice. his own case as an example, he would eat one hundred percent of the plant food. Chunfang from just off the teacher's introduction, we can know that Professor Campbell farm-born child, grew up drinking milk to eat meat, researchers are not to eat any animal food, because he not only got to know from the concept of plant food-based diet is good for health, and he personally felt that I not care about animal's delicious, I do not feel good. I also think it is my mental outlook, physical activity the body is very good. If I eat 90% of plant food so difficult to master, since there is no inappropriate uncomfortable, it is easy to implement, why not eat one hundred percent of plants.
but it does not mean that I advocate all the world's people eat one hundred percent plant food, if people are willing to according to their own tastes, their own habits, their hobbies to the choice, it is justifiable. But the key is to plant food is the main principle of this idea can not change.
host (off Chunfang): John Campbell finished four after the discovery of a stone ripple.
Campbell: plant food based on the point of view, from a scientific point of view, I would say the closer you are to eat more plant food you will be healthy. That is the composition of diet which accounted for more plant foods, the more healthy. But when I say eat more plant foods in more healthy, not to say that one hundred percent healthy to eat more foods referring to things, but according to the current study, according to many associated study, the more plant foods to eat more healthy. When I was in that plant food is good, I found that based on their own laboratory research, while based on many of my colleagues in the medical profession on clinical findings, to plant mainly food, from my research, and clinical research from my friends, I find the process is incredibly good results, I am willing to do something to explain.
characteristics on the health of plant food, first of all it is a different disease in different degrees, all of the different health effects.
Chen Jun-shi: that is the same plant food, grain, legumes, fruits, vegetables, these same plant food, they are surprisingly similar for different chronic diseases have a role in protection and prevention, cancer, coronary heart disease is clearly not a disease, there are different causes, but similar to plant food-based diet for different chronic diseases, causes different chronic diseases have similar benefits in varying degrees.
Campbell: I just talked about is the food plant food-based beneficial effects on health span, not only breadth, it also has depth. the depth of meaning that such as for heart disease, plant-based foods can reverse the evolution of the original extent of heart disease, and even in some cases can cure heart disease have occurred. while plant foods can also reverse the 90% m95% of the two diabetes, I know that Type II diabetes in China has also become a serious health problem.
I have a friend in the U.S. as a doctor, his doctor of 35 years, just two days ago I had a conversation with him, he treatment of some patients with Type II diabetes, these patients eat a lot of drugs, the patient stopped his medication, after a few days later appeared effects. I am a scientist in my laboratory which I found in animal experiments, Plant-derived foods can promote or slow down the cancer, slow the progress of the disease, which is the example I said the health effects of plant food for the depth and breadth.
plant food and I said, the health The depth of plant foods also have the ability to control the expression of some genes for the disease.
Chen Jun Shi: On the genetic problems that may need some explanation. No matter what disease we all cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes are inside the body of people played a decisive role in the gene, the ultimate expression of a gene leads to disease. John Campbell talked about the main diet of plant foods are beneficial to inhibit or slow down or even stop a more sensitive gene expression, that is to use the words of the people, you have a susceptibility gene for a disease is not terrible, the key is the expression did not express it, if you do not have this gene expression does not matter, it is hidden , latent is not terrible, terrible expression.
gene expression or not is affected by many factors, his research found that, at least in mice found to a number of plant food-based so in terms of diet on mice, rats fed you to plant food-based feed, it can inhibit or delay for such a number of tumor susceptibility gene expression, which less cancer, this is a case in point. not just cancer, The same is true of other diseases.
a susceptibility gene is not terrible, if you use a healthy lifestyle, especially the emphasis on plant foods-based diet, then you can not latent gene expression in susceptible or delay the expression.
Campbell: The third example, a number of plant food to control the toxic and carcinogenic effects of chemical substances with great effect. on the health effects plant food for the breadth and depth of the same type of food can be prevented disease, can have a tremendous health impact. We can clearly see the health effects of plant food for the breadth and depth, especially in the biochemical level, this effect can be seen. especially the chemical characteristics of certain plant food for the disease prevention and health is very common, and these effects, and Chen Jun Shi Yuanshi I also do research in China, further support the evidence collected.
host (where wave): We have just half an hour discussion, including friends and our experts have identified a number of plant foods with the relationship between the disease, then the concept of health is not merely to disease in particular for the Chinese people, we live there is a net friend asked such a question In addition to ill health is not called healthy, physically strong and healthy is an expression of foreigners are eating meat, they are tall tall, very effort. Chinese are plant-based foods, this state is not unhealthy? should not we be learning to foreigners, should be more certain meat intake so that they are a little taller, especially the young sprouts do not develop into a situation? Professor Chen to the users, please look at this resolution problem.
Chen Jun-shi: This is a common problem, this morning took a more vivid example of the Chinese football team was asked not red meat in Asia is because the less, wait a minute I think Professor Campbell can be used vivid examples to give you instructions. The world has a large number of sports, the world champion, with the words we have just a vegetarian, you may not believe that he can tell you a named.
In addition, we can not just look muscular, and we depend on long-term, I just said a real impact on health, which means that the impact of chronic disease. because most of our people and even the vast majority of Chinese people, including in rural, 70 %, more than a few people die from chronic diseases, died in cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, 80% of the city a few people die from chronic diseases. We need to see the impact of these diseases, but can not see a momentary muscular, If you are not going to do if bodybuilding champion.
Campbell: I support the view that just Chenyuan Shi, our athletes can have more vegetable protein by eating the muscle, the muscle does not necessarily mean good muscles. I This morning's speech also mentioned an example of a professional football player in the United States does have very strong muscles, because always eat animal food, but they have to pay a high price, that among them have cancer, heart risk of disease is much higher than the average person, it is not worth it. American football is the world's best rugby player the average life expectancy is only 53 years old. On the contrary, for many world-class athletes is to eat plant foods as based, high muscle tension, but also very healthy, do not need to pay so high a price.
average life expectancy of American football players, then only 53 years is to strengthen the muscles by athletes to eat meat, not all NFL Athletes, if not to eat meat to live longer dominated. from a wide range of plant foods on the health impact, from a medical point of view, we can now use food to control disease and promote health, not just is to rely on drugs, this is one of the most important issue. My point is very important to them and Chen Jun Shi Yuanshi my long-term work, by many traditional Chinese medicine and philosophy of the results.
Chen Jun-shi: specifically, , the idea is to treat the person medicine, Western medicine is the treatment philosophy. If Western can not make a diagnosis can not prescribe prescription medicine can not say, it is a state of health regulation, of course, do not say that modern medicine . This is what he said he thought the concept of Chinese medicine that is mentioned in front of him for such a plant-based foods to prevent disease, to mobilize their own forces the body to fight with the disease.
Campbell: I would like to stress that the concept of a holistic, comprehensive concept of food and other factors that may play a significant role together, it is the overall concept and Chinese medicine is the same.
host (off Chunfang): We Now many of my friends have experienced this problem, do not know more than a bite of food or eat more meat, more meat If we are afraid of Gluttons, but if you fear Mianyoucaise more bite, think of an ascetic, no meal meat, tasteless meals feel pain. is not, please tell us about Chen Yuanshi through things after the collision, we believe that the traditional Chinese diet is good, then our food pagoda is how to answer this question? Chenyuan Shi said, vegetarian also have knowledge, let us introduce him to this knowledge.
Chen Jun-shi: Our topic today is the subject of plant food-based dietary health benefits, just now we've talked about why, what are the benefits. We also talk about vegetarian issues, that is not one hundred percent plant food to eat. For the population in general terms, what do we recommend? Chinese Nutrition Society has launched a Chinese residents meal is a very important pagoda tool, also reflects the plant food based diet. because the pagoda is used for the average person, the lowest level of the pagoda, then if we see that food, then the top layer of fruits and vegetables, we all know the end of the pagoda is a large, more The more pointed up, then the food and vegetables, fruits, go upward, it is that some animals of food, then the top is the oil and sugar.
this pagoda guiding significance for everyone and we just talked about referring to things of Food-based dietary pattern is the same, animal food should be small, plant food should be more. This is for everyone concerned, but for a people, you can choose, in the end you this much greater than the top end, just in front of already talked about. plant a bit more food is good food from animal nutrition speaking is not absolutely necessary, but still want to choose an individual. The meaning of the pagoda I would like to illustrate this point, the pagoda is applicable for the whole people, in understanding how in the end after the principle of flexible use of dietary pagoda, then you will be according to their own situation.
plant food such as John Campbell talked about the more there healthy, so I think it means to be complementary to the combination of two. pagoda is you, yourself under such a principle, according to their preferences and their health conditions for the deployment and selection.
host (where wave) : Professor Chen, we just have an on-site users would like to ask you a question mm color mixed vegetables, fruits supplemented! - This is the whole theory of balance of trophic structure. We do this, our nutrition is enough? a statement. then according to Professor Campbell, mentioned earlier, recent scientific research done on such a theory further elaboration, because there did not see in which the main crops on the inside, in which fruit, vegetables and also inside , chicken, fish, meat, eggs are inside, the food in our world there are so many, in the end with what kind of time with a reasonable choice, based on our repeated talk about today, such a theory in which we choose to plant more food grains other than that there are vegetables, fruits and beans.
host (where wave): If you achieve such a balanced diet also need to add some nutritional supplements such as the current number of health care products, including vitamin supplement agent.
Chen Jun-shi: This question, in principle, we will always be the nutritionist food with reasonable as the first, which is said to Professor Campbell, if the grain, vegetables, fruits, beans with Well, then, it has thousands of species of nutrients in it, nutrition is very complete. under normal circumstances does not mean you have to use nutrient supplements, not to mention health food, it is another thing. But I think we can not say nutritional supplements to beat him to death, because people have different circumstances, such as when people are pregnant may need to be more of iron, which is a special physiological periods.
some people because of certain special circumstances may be missing something, missing some of the micronutrients vitamin Ye Hao Ye Hao, then he may need to add one point. we generally speaking not from the nutrition claims by vitamin mineral supplements to ensure you are full of nutrition, but to rely on with a reasonable variety of food.
Campbell: I would like to talk about the vegetarian cause debilitating problem, history, we will often associated with debilitating and vegetarian, This is mainly because most of the past, vegetarians are relatively poor can not afford to eat meat, while we may not notice the place is often in poor public health conditions are relatively poor, so easy to get sick easily because of these reasons weak. But now the situation is different, in modern countries, vegetarians intake of many plant species, will not result in malnutrition, monotonous, it should be good.
the same time I want to talk about nutritional supplements is China, vitamins and health products be a complement, in the past few years there have been many research information to demonstrate that some dietary supplements is of no use, and some are even harmful. Generally, nutritional supplements are an element in a tablet inside , looks like something to supplement a particular good, but in fact this is not a nutrient, which is pharmaceutical drugs, because our body is very complex, requiring a comprehensive system to add, this is actually a kind of supplement does not work .
host (where wave): Thank you, two professors, we are also very rich life, and be able to eat the food is varied, and include grains, fruits, dairy products are also numerous. scene, a User ask the two professors, lead to high cholesterol, this conclusion in the end what is? cancer. We'd like to Professor Campbell, this conclusion tell us? is not to drink milk? including eggs is not impossible to eat?
Campbell: Based on my research laboratory, indeed I found casein promoted the development and progression of cancer, but we are talking about people who are not the same, on the casein protein from the Western scientific literature milk is indeed a problem, it can increase cholesterol, it effects even worse than saturated fatty acids also, it can cause the body's acidic environment so damage our bodies, protein to promote secretion of certain hormones the body, causing different diseases, these new research evidence, some research evidence is older . we can not fully understand is that all the evidence is based on western scientific literature, and on China to eat a small amount of milk in China, this volume is very small, so I did not say that the Chinese can not eat milk, But I can clearly tell you that the milk in the West is indeed a problem, I think this is the need to let everyone know.
I grew up in the dairy, milk and eating beef is to eat growing up, I very reluctant to see such a fact. But I have to tell you that this is a fact.
Chen Jun-stone: and there are two questions, one is not, as some media say, read Report question, I think even though the two issues linked, it is best to thoroughly analyze separately.
the first question, the lab, one group of rats eating casein protein that the milk inside, another group of mice Eat vegetable protein, and two groups of mice at the same time it is a carcinogenic toxin enzyme Phyllotreta a carcinogen, which is a resounding carcinogens. The experimental results showed that rats eating casein liver cancer than eating plants long This group of proteins longer liver of rats much more. I think that milk can not simply trigger a cancer, says science is such an animal model in which, what model? song yellow enzyme toxins.
if no yellow enzyme toxins song, whether it is milk or vegetable protein will not cause any cancer, but in an animal model of this means the circumstances, it is clear Phyllotreta casein enzyme can increase the role of toxins, that enhance its role in promoting the cancer. trigger that is not right to say, it increases your risk of cancer occurrence, it is right. This is an animal. The meaning of animal experiments is not only a casein kinds of means, more importantly, cause the whole animal foods, eat more animal food is not an enhanced role in cancer.
second question is about the eggs and milk can not eat the problem. I agree with Professor Campbell has just speaking, he's the evidence cited by the dietary conditions are based on the United States, the Americans is 70% of dietary protein is animal protein, mostly in the inside or at least a half of milk and dairy products come from, that is, said that Americans eat 35% m40% of the protein from dairy products, so that the milk for the adverse health effect. There is always a quantity of the amount of Chinese people do not know what.
should be said that the milk which in addition to protein or have some other good things, but we did not come to a comprehensive evaluation of nutrition, the information I can agree with Professor Campbell, if the Chinese milk and dairy products a day to eat like Americans so much, then We do not encourage it, we do not advocate that the Chinese people eat 70% of the U.S. follow the example of animal protein, and there are 35% m40% from milk, that is a lot of consumption. back to We still need to plant food for the Lord of the meal, milk If it is 3% m5%, that is not what can not, but the Western Enlightenment is very important. because we are pocket money, and our Western diet trend is obvious . They give us information that knocked an alarm, we can not take their old, I think this is the correct view of the world, nothing is absolute and can be very, very good or absolutely, without any problems, impossible.
Campbell: According to our point of view of people doing scientific research, information from different sources, but the results of scientific research can not be based on the individual like it or not, I believe do not believe, can not decide how I am going to do , but according to the objective, can not say that scientific research can be obtained for each thing is absolutely the answer. But from my own research and my own understanding of the scientific research results, I do not eat dairy products tend to I myself and my wife and my five sons, five grandchildren, and we do not eat dairy products, this is my personal hobbies and preferences.
especially for the kids I do not encourage them to eat dairy products If a child eating habit, will eat a big habit, and eat more and more, this is not good. This is my personal view. I am here also say the benefits of milk, at least Many people believe or say in the discussion of the benefits of milk. that there are at least two reasons why milk is good, the first milk that can promote the growth of children so that children grow faster and grow taller. Second, each of us need calcium, milk can provide a lot of calcium, tall, and has calcium, bones and teeth stronger, which is second on the benefits of milk. Many people believe so, in fact, children are tall, grow faster will bring many problems, so this is not necessarily good. grow fast, tall can cause precocious puberty, precocious puberty is a problem, there are girls early menstruation, causing early menstruation girls with high sex hormone levels, we all know the high level of sex hormones and breast cancer and uterine cancer are related.
not we need calcium? we compared the calcium intake found that many are from calcium in dairy products, has now been found that high calcium intake is actually brought a high incidence of osteoporosis. on the research in this area at least 20 years of scientific literature in here to prove that instead of an intake of calcium and more bone high incidence of osteoporosis. Finally, I would like to talk, I'm not the only thing people know this, I believe I know this is based on the results of scientific research, but we may need more discussion, so everyone can understand things, we can reach a consensus.
Chen Jun-shi: I think I now have to make some different points of view, to such a lively atmosphere. I fully agree with the modern nutrition there is sufficient evidence to prove that children's growth and development is not the sooner the better, as we still in the developing countries much better than the original state of the economy, we have now found more and more large newborn, that a child born weighing too much. We often say this ...

Gray income and national income distribution (below)

 Gray income and national income distribution (the)
(This report is the outcome of Economic Reform project, the text published in the CITIC had to delete special apology to the reader.
Third, solving the real income of urban residents
1. Group revenue projections for urban residents
the above model (2) estimates of each parameter (see Table 5), statistical sample of the group Engel coefficient, as well as control variables in the national average assignment into the model (2), you can launch down the Engel coefficient corresponding to different levels of per capita income. Table 6 (abbreviated) according to the model of these Analysis of projected results, and group statistics, and the use of group analysis also lists the results obtained to compare.
see from the data in Table 6, compared with a group of the Engel coefficient and obtained through the model and the Engel's Coefficient the relationship between income level these two methods, the results obtained on the whole, relatively close. their low income, low-and middle-income level of these three groups of revenue projections, although the statistics are higher than those of different income levels, but the overall difference is not large (the results of analysis of which model more closely.) upward from middle income group is projected gap between revenue and income statistics was expanded. the biggest difference is the highest income group, in which the results of comparison group was 16.4 million, the result of model analysis was 13.9 million, respectively, statistics of income and 3.19 times 3.76 times. These two results reflect the basic pattern of income distribution is the same, but also with the results of the 2007 report (2005 data ) By contrast, data from different sources, but with higher similarity.
Table 6 shows, mainly due to high-income and highest income group, income gap, estimated by model analysis received an average per capita income in cities and towns 32,154 yuan, not the Bureau of packet data by the weighted average of 16,885 yuan, 15,781 yuan, or Bureau of Statistics. projections and statistics about the number of double the difference.
in Table 7 (a little), we also provide 2005 and 2008, two of the projected revenues (2008 results by model analysis) and statistical income ratio. We found that in 2008 (after the highest income group) high-income group relative to the projected revenue income statistics differences became larger, but overall is still the largest difference between the highest income group. we are not included in these statistics as hidden income in the income of the last column in the table are calculated in each group revenue in the hidden hidden the proportion of total income. Obviously, hidden income mainly concentrated in the highest income households.
results of the above two projections, group comparison possible error will be larger, which is caused by two reasons. The first , group analysis only by calculating the average Engel coefficient of each group and the average income level, the Engel coefficient and corresponds to a particular per capita income. but can not rule out factors other than income on the Engel coefficient. but these factors on the survey statistics of the sample and the effect of the sample may be different, so calculate the level of per capita income may not be accurate. The model law outside the control of the revenue impact of factors on the Engel coefficient, and calculate the national average of these factors impact. The results obtained in these under the influence of the Engel coefficient corresponds to a per capita income levels, and therefore should be more realistic and more accurate.
Second, the group analysis by re-grouping according to Engel's Coefficient approach, in general, to avoid the survey sample distribution sample distribution and statistical inconsistencies while the overall error of the income distribution. However, this method of calculation of the average income of each group are still with the group related to the distribution of samples. The survey sample The distribution of the group may be the group with the statistical distribution of the samples is different. Although the overall distribution of this will not be great, but we can not rule out the possibility of a certain error. For example, the highest income group of urban residents and the lowest income group, income level of the group may not equal distribution, but were inclined to low-and high-end. However, the survey sample distribution within the group, may not comply with this feature. The model law is based on income and other factors on Engel coefficient coefficient deduced directly from the Engel coefficient of the corresponding income level, the accuracy should be higher than the comparison group.
the above two considerations, in the following calculations, we will model analysis (model 2 ) of the estimated results.
Figure 2 (slightly) more intuitive given the projected income of the two methods and statistical comparison of income. You can see that both methods are consistent, but also some differences. which obtained by model analysis of high-income group was significantly higher than per capita income comparison group obtained by the per capita income, and model analysis of the highest income group per capita income of less than obtained by comparison of income groups.
In addition, For comparison, we report the study in 2007 estimated data for 2005 compared with the statistical data behind the map is also on Figure 2 (omitted). These two plans are similar, showing the two surveys and the basic consistency of research findings .
also be pointed out, in the 2007 report, the authors survey sample to determine projected according to income level groups may be the positive direction of the error, so do the projections down to a certain extent. From Table 6 shows that after reduction 2005 projections are not adjusted with the number of processing projections for 2008 the ratio of the number compared with the same statistics, only the (second) except high-income group. It seems that, when the reduction is reasonable, and even then the error may be mainly to comparative law from the group itself, so this method using the model projections to eliminate this error.
but also re-emphasized here, where the projection is only solved the problem of under-reporting of income statistics, and statistics is not resolved Data missing in high-income samples, so in fact the highest income residents here on the projected per capita income to some extent may still be low.
This situation is reflected in our survey sample. by group comparison method of investigation After the sample group, there are a few high-income sample failed to include the seven income groups. This is because the family Engel coefficient of these samples lower; add these samples, the highest income group, the average Engel's coefficient will be lower than the statistics Engel's coefficient of the highest income group. In this valid samples, 76 samples were excluded high-income, and their per capita disposable income of 40 million yuan, the average income of 66 million. Their average Engel coefficient only 0.224, while the National Bureau of Statistics sample of urban households in the highest income group, the average Engel coefficient was 0.292. It seems that, in the statistics department of the urban household samples, and may rarely include the per capita income of more than 40 million households. so strictly that the highest income group is not here, the residents of the highest income group, because there are a number of higher income residents are not included.
but we can not use the survey sample to reflect the statistics of high-income residents in the case of omission, This is because we can not know people were missing in all high-income urban families occupy what proportion of these survey data can not not included in the distribution of high-income sample was left to represent the high-income country sample distribution, Because the distribution of survey sample with the national distribution of higher income residents may not be consistent. And, in our survey sample is also still missing. In the survey sample, the highest household income per capita disposable income of 1.76 million , higher than the income of the sample was not included.
This also from a side note in the survey, higher income residents have been left out. And we are here to take the two projections Engel coefficient method can only correct the existing statistical sample of under-reporting of income and can not correct the omission caused by high-income sample problem of low income statistics. so to some extent, we are can see that in 2008 accounted for 10% of the highest-income households of urban residents, per capita disposable income of 13.9 million, rather than the statistics show 4.4 million. a difference of 3.2 times. the highest-income households are not included in the statistics of these Implicit in the income of urban residents accounted for 63% of the total hidden income. coupled with a high income group, 20% of high-income urban residents in the hidden income of urban residents accounted for 80% of the total hidden income or more. < br> Accordingly projected income gap of urban residents, 10% of urban households by group, in 2008 the highest income of urban households with the lowest income families are the real per capita income of 5350 yuan and 139,000 yuan, the gap is 26 times (last report The projected gap in 2005 was 31 times), and calculated according to statistical data only 9 times. (The income gap is smaller than the last projection projections, mainly because of the projected per capita income of the lowest income group than in high income statistics 12%. This, in turn related with the following conditions: a small number of samples in the survey sample did not include a negative income, because they are not under normal circumstances, low income, and their negative operating loss of income caused by temporary . but does not include these samples, to a certain extent, improved the projected income of the lowest income group. It is estimated in the statistical sample in this case was not removed. This may be projected income is higher than the lowest income group a major cause of income statistics.)
20% with the highest income urban families and rural families in the lowest income 20% to approximately represent the country's highest and lowest 10% income households [1], then 10% of the country's highest per capita income of families was 9.7 million, while 10% of the lowest per capita household income is 1,500 yuan, both 65-fold difference in 2008 (projected for 2005 is 55 times), and calculated according to statistics only 23 times.
believe most of this hidden income occurred in the town. income of rural residents approximately statistics assume that is true, the use of projected income of urban residents per capita income data instead of statistical data, and rural per capita net income statistics (weighted average of group) were multiplied by the number of urban and rural populations, you can approximate the national population by 2008, total disposable income of 23.2 trillion yuan [2], but if the statistical data by urban and rural household income calculation, the national income in 2008 totaled only 14 trillion yuan. In comparison, the hidden income of up to 9.26 trillion yuan, more than in the 2007 report of the projected revenues in 2005 recessive (4.85 trillion yuan) expansion has nearly doubled (up 91%). In the same period, nominal GDP grew by only 71.4%. This shows that implicit Income from continuing to grow faster than the speed of the rapid expansion of GDP.
includes hidden in their income, the country in 2008 than in 2005, disposable income grew by 69.3%, with nominal GDP growth rate of close to synchronization. while the official statistics calculation (not including hidden income), the national disposable income in 2008 than in 2005 only increased by 57.4%, far behind the growth of GDP. So the proportion of its GDP from 2005 of 48.4% to 44.5% in 2008, down by 3.9 percentage points. Obviously, the implicit rate of income growth is much higher than normal revenue growth. were calculated by statistical data and data calculated per capita disposable income of urban people, National disposable income and the total proportion of GDP, the growth rate during the period 2005-2008, as well as the growth rate of nominal GDP, see Table 8 (slightly).
3. from other sources verify the hidden income
To test the reasonableness of these projections, in addition to methodological issues need to be explored, is more important is to look at projections degree of agreement with the facts. a long time, income statistics, macro-economic data, housing, cars and other luxury goods sales , there are many apparent contradictions or inexplicable place. And if the above projections of hidden income includes income of residents, these contradictions largely disappeared. The author believes that this should be reasonable to test whether the projection of a major method. If there is a huge hidden above the estimated revenue, it also bound to the macro level in the national economy reflected in a series. Here we try a few different ways to authenticate.
(1) household savings and consumption Total
2008, according to urban-rural income statistics and projections of urban and rural population, urban and rural household savings amounted to 3.55 trillion yuan (here's savings and disposable income is defined as the difference between the consumption). This is the residents real savings is it? exist in different forms of household savings, or directly, indirectly, for a variety of investments. so we reflect the macroeconomic level, the net investment in a variety of information about people finishing Total (net lending), can be approximated The total savings projected population size.
This year, the national financial institutions balance of savings deposits of urban and rural residents increased by 4.54 trillion yuan (we know financial institutions should be more accurate data), indicating that residents use only savings deposits in financial institutions, some in excess of the projected savings by income statistics 1 trillion total.
the same year, sales of 2.12 trillion yuan of commercial housing (not including second-hand housing), the amount of net growth in housing loans to individuals 300 000 000 000 Yuan, spent 1.82 trillion yuan of household savings.
the same year, rural housing investment spending 371.1 billion yuan individuals. survey found that urban residents are also very common in personal housing, owner-occupied housing in the urban residents account for approximately 15% -16%. Although the incidence rate is lower than in rural areas, but significantly higher than the amount of investment units in rural areas. estimated total investment of not less than the self-help housing in rural areas. And such investment loans rarely used, mainly from personal savings. Accordingly estimates, urban and rural residents from the building using a personal savings invested 700 billion yuan.
2008, the owner's income and savings formation. services funded by private individuals invest no less than industry estimates of private investment, should be more than 1 trillion yuan. secondary and tertiary industries, enterprises, and 28.74 million households have individual licenses for self-funded private investment, and construction of such private investment, roughly estimated at between 5 billion trillion yuan m1. several together, the secondary and tertiary industries to from personal savings and private investment estimated at between 2.5m3 trillion.
2008 年, A-share market stock market capitalization has shrunk 50.9% compared with 2007, while the Shanghai Composite and Shenzhen Composite Index fell 65.4% and 62.4%, recorded a decrease of magnitude greater than the market capitalization has shrunk; two-phase offset, the year is still estimated investment of 1.35 trillion yuan of net absorption. Treasuries and corporate bonds amounting to 1.7 trillion yuan. If you press the third of these investments computing personal funds, stocks (A shares) and bonds to attract private savings, a total of 1 trillion yuan.
In addition, residents of futures, gold, foreign exchange and other financial products, investments, cash on hand together with the residents and foreign deposits items increases, roughly estimated 500 billion yuan (perhaps underestimated). [3]
the above together, the total amount of the 2008 National Savings should be at least 11 trillion m11.5 trillion yuan, rather than by income statistics Data calculated 3.5 trillion yuan. This shows that there is at least 7.5 trillion trillion yuan m8 invisible income residents are not included in income statistics. In addition, household consumption statistics calculated according to consumer spending was 9.46 trillion yuan total . Although consumption statistics and missing less than income statistics, the survey found that the omission was a considerable range. If by missing a conservative estimate of 20%, it means that the consumer has been underestimated by nearly 2 trillion yuan. and underestimated the savings add up, in 2008 the actual total amount of invisible income residents should be at least between the 9.5m10 trillion yuan. This analysis method based on the model above the projected 9.3 trillion yuan of hidden income is consistent. < br> more than this, not only in 2008. on the recent macro data analysis, can get similar results. but also by the macro data analysis shows the total amount of invisible income, there is growing trend.
(2) price earnings ratio
According to foreign experience, usually residents of commercial housing price is 3-5 times the annual household income is affordable, or else the housing market will not have a good development. The statistics calculated by revenue, income of urban residents of the house about 10 times more than has been the housing market has continued to hit, which is always a mystery to face domestic and foreign researchers .2008, commercial housing sales 21000 billion in 2009, soared to 3.8 trillion yuan. If the income calculated according to statistics, net lending, which is far more than 10% of the highest income of urban households of all income. This is a statistical data can not explain the phenomenon.
According to China's statistics of 2008 income of urban residents, per capita disposable income of 15,780 yuan, the average family size was 2.91 people, combined family income of 45,900 yuan, while the same year, sales of 2.12 trillion yuan of commercial housing, a total of 593 million square meters, by an average of 110 square meter each, the estimated 5.15 million units sold, average price of 411,000 yuan each, the statistics show the average household income of urban residents for 9 times. while the same calculation, in 2007 and 2009 are more than 10 times. This is far beyond the capacity of urban residents. It should also be taken into account that part of the family is from real estate speculators to buy second-hand housing, the price they actually pay more than the original 一手房 prices, which are not included in the new home market the price. But this did not prevent the continued hot housing market. These phenomena show that the average income of urban residents may be underestimated more than doubled.
according to statistics, the number of urban households accounted for 20% of the high-income families (the highest income 10 % and 10% of households in high-income sub-total) per capita income in 2008 was 3.5 million, an average annual household income of 89,000 yuan. The average price calculated by society, and their price earnings ratio of roughly 5 or so. This means that even high-income families, in 2008, is only barely able to afford housing in the range of edge. The fact that this is untrue.
1990-2009 cumulative years of commercial housing sold over 46 million units total, more than the town The total number of high-income families (about 41 million). Survey data show that a considerable number of high-income families actually do not need housing (with public housing, provide housing, or high-income residents, their standard of housing prices far higher than the average price of social standards, and about a third of high-income families have a second, three or more residential. these descriptions and income residents far more than the actual income level is underestimated doubled.
(3) the family car and income
according to China's private car ownership statistics, in 2008 China's privately owned small and micro cars 28,140,000 If urban residents by 90% of calculated penetration rate of urban households has reached 12.1% of household vehicles (per one hundred family car with 12.1), indicating that 20% of total urban households in high-income families, has no car will be removed as part of the family, the car has been basically universal. actually some middle-income families has become a car class. car ownership and annual statistics on the number of licenses issued basis, should be accurate. and according to a sample survey of urban household income, per one hundred urban households owned only 8.8 family car. nearly one-third less than the former. This shows from another angle, household sample survey omitted a considerable number of samples of high-income families. and more obvious contradiction is that a car household income statistics do not own a car.
family car if the average price at 10 million, 2 million in related costs (fuel, maintenance, insurance, inspection, parking fees, toll fees) dollars, usually at least 20 million yuan to support the annual household income. According to statistics, 20% of the high-income families an average annual disposable income is only 8.9 million, minimum 6 million, far below the level of popular family cars. The projections in this report the previous results, 20% of urban households that the actual average annual household income of about 24 million to 12 million per floor, most with a car capacity. This again shows the statistics of high-income residents income been seriously underestimated, the report projected in front of their income is largely consistent with their ability to buy cars.
(4) Other
urban residents listed above to remove the housing, automobiles, etc., of urban residents in many other spending is income statistics can not be explained. One example is the foreign consumer .2008, the number of national travel abroad more than 40 million people, equivalent to 20% of urban high-income families per one person. If you assume 1 / 3 is business reason to deduct the remaining for tourism, visiting relatives, studying, etc., spent 30,000 yuan per capita basis, residents of this country expenditures reached 800 billion yuan. This part is not included in total retail sales of social consumer goods in domestic expenditure, the same can not be found in sources of income statistics.
also reported in China each year hundreds of billions of private capital into the foreign bank; According to Ministry of Public Security officials estimate that China's annual outflow of gambling money to at least several hundred thousand billion billion between. [4]
four gray income and its source
1. huge invisible income to what?
in national income distribution, there is such a huge amount of invisible income, and distribution of highly concentrated, obviously can not simply be explained by statistical missing. According to the first part of Table 7 of this report projections, the low-income residents a certain extent, there is a tendency to under-reporting of income, generally in the range of 0% to 30% range . These can still be seen as normal income statistics omissions, mainly with the survey may be some psychological state or social environment. But more than high-income residents in the hidden a substantial increase in income, especially in the real income of residents in the highest income up several times the revenue statistics, indicating the reasons for the existence of a deep system. The main part of the hidden income, is no longer a normal income statistics missing, but can only be explained with the gray income.
on the concept of gray income recently caused some controversy. have a saying: gray income is the illegal income, but only Another argument emphasizes the concept itself definition, can not clearly determine the income of legal or illegal. even though the do nothing to solve the problem. This may also explain, solve the problem of gray income deeply touched some people's vested interests, is bound to encounter strong resistance.
we use the concept of gray income, usually refers to two situation. the first case, real life, some income, because the legal system or not clearly defined, so in the middle ground between legal and illegal. to illustrate with an example, civil wedding, accepting the gift of family and friends gifts, both folk customs, but also permitted by law. Even in the party and government officials, relatives, children who, if within reasonable limits, it may not be able to simply prohibited. But some officials by their children, spend lots of money received on behalf of relatives of the wedding, convergent wealth, even hundreds of thousands, millions, in essence, accepted bribes. This requires laws and regulations of officials accepting gifts gifts for relatives of the situation, the amount of the plot and the boundaries delineated a legitimate, and the establishment of viable methods of supervision . crossed the line, must be strictly prohibited, shall be punished for illegal income. But there is no clearly defined laws and regulations in cases, such revenues can only be counted as gray income.
another example, enterprises, institutions or government agencies pay in addition, to provide some incentives and benefits of employees, in general it is normal and legal behavior. But some government agencies or state-owned enterprises with a monopoly position, generous expense of public funds to the various name to the officials, corporate management much higher than the market or to provide regular employee benefits or additional benefits, may also escape the tax, which is actually against the public interest. This is a class which is so often the case, is the violation of discipline, but not illegal. the laws and regulations This did not make clearly defined circumstances, such income is only to describe the gray income.
, of course, does not rule out some legitimate income, the law does not explicitly given their legal status, which turned gray income. < br> The second scenario is that some suspected illegal income from unknown sources can not be found in its illegal circumstances, can only be viewed as a gray income. for example, by the frequent appearance of insider trading, false to obtain real estate auction income, through inside information, spreading false information, market manipulation in the stock market, futures market to obtain profits, and government officials for personal gains, trading power for money obtained by the interests and so on. But if only the public or the person suspected plot, but can not get hard evidence and can not be treated as illegal income.
has exposed the illegal income, after all, a few cases, we are discussing here, the gray income, in addition to including its legality is not clearly defined income, but also covers most of the fact of the illegal income.
former case, the description of the legal and institutional imperfections, so that many areas of income distribution, and loopholes exist fuzzy interval; post a note in the legislation and enforcement , there is a disconnect between supervision on some important areas of economic activity, the behavior of public servants lack of effective supervision; both lead to a distorted distribution of national income. When a society when a large number of gray income, the natural system that has serious not sound or loopholes. This is a dangerous signal that the national income distribution from the regular track. Therefore, to solve the gray income and the income gap is too large problems, the key is not how to define the gray income; the lack of targeted talk ; ban to effectively regulate the national income distribution.
2.
gray source of income in the market economy, based primarily on distribution of national income paid to factors of production, that is divided into labor, human capital, capital, land and other natural resources in return. the market economy does not spontaneously ensure equitable distribution of income, but in general play is conducive to economic efficiency; because under competitive conditions, the high rate of return of factors of production, would receive a higher return, thus income distribution through the promotion of the efficiency incentives; and the free movement of factors of production but also to ensure optimal allocation of resources.
but any society requires government involvement in the distribution of income. because the community must be part of the resources or output used for public infrastructure investment and maintenance, the macro-control, promoting technological development, to ensure national defense and social security. As the market economy can not guarantee the fairness of income distribution, but also need the government to establish social security, public services and transfer payment system to improve income distribution. These are not spontaneous market mechanisms to complete. developed in the 20th century, experienced a series of institutional changes in this area, reducing the unfair distribution of income, but also reduce social conflict, the traditional capital of the jungle from the past Evolution of doctrine to the more humane capitalism. These changes enhance social harmony and stability and, indirectly, protect the sustainable development of the economy.
these cases than described in the abstract economic theory of income distribution is more complex. II the tenth century the development of economics, despite the economic externalities on public economics, the macroeconomic balance and macro-management of Keynes and Keynesian economic theory, and information about elections, public policy and public interest, public choice theory, each covers some aspects of income distribution, but overall progress is still lagging behind these theories of social practice, can provide relatively limited guidance.
One important area is how to ensure reasonable public resources and the income use and distribution. control of these resources or personnel authority, driven by interests, it is easy to meddle in its use or distribution process, occupation of these resources, or use of these public resources for personal gain. In this case, originally used for ensure social equity of public resources, may become prey for the privileged few, but exacerbate the unfair distribution of income.
Broadly speaking, the executive power itself is a public resource. because those in power who can use administrative powers to intervene in income distribution, resource allocation and socio-economic activities, through the abuse of power against the interests of other members of society.
so-called gray an important source of revenue is generated around the power of corruption, malfeasance, corruption and other rent-seeking. This not only requires the use of public resources and authority to make the exercise of strict legal definition, and the establishment of a series of relevant rules and regulations, and require the use of public resources and strictly monitor the distribution process. rely on the government to self-supervision not enough, the key point is to make government more transparent, so that the general public to supervise the government.
in the current case, the gray income often closely related to the following phenomena:
(1) money trading, abuse of power
according to a 2006 survey covering the whole country four thousand, for person in charge of answering very much regulated industry, the situation is more serious. which answers informal payments 23%, chemical raw materials and chemicals manufacturing industry 24.2%, are significantly higher than average. [5]
direct misappropriation of public resources is also quite common. According to the National Audit Office on the 2009 central budget implementation and other financial income support the audit report, a sample of 56 central departments have been suspicious invoices for reimbursement of 29,363, found a false invoice 5170, charged to fund 142 million. have a situation can do to make comments, that is selling fake invoices has become a full-scale industries, who openly selling fake invoices and advertising is not only seen everywhere in the city, these ads are fully ...